Dr Angela Paul

Research Fellow

School: Northumbria School of Law

Dr Angela Paul is a Research Fellow on the PROBabLE Futures project at Northumbria Law School, funded by UKRI Responsible AI UK. This project examines the use of probabilistic uses of technology in the criminal justice system, and the team consists of experts in law, computer science, and social innovation. Angela specifically looks at the legal and ethical issues of these technologies.

Angela completed her BSc (Hons) in Economics from Queen's University Belfast before going on to achieve a distinction grade in her LLM in International Human Rights Law from Lancaster University, UK. She then completed her PhD in Law at Northumbria University, with her thesis exploring the human rights implications associated with the use of police drones for surveillance purposes in England and Wales. Angela has also worked at the University of York, as a Research Associate at the Administrative Fairness Lab. This project was funded by the ESRC Vulnerability and Policing Futures Research Centre.

Angela's research interests centre around the following areas of law and technology:

Algorithmic Decision Making
Digital Evidence
Criminal Process
Human Rights Law
Policing
Administrative Fairness
Jury Decision-Making

Email Angela

Key Publications

Please visit the Pure Research Information Portal for further information
AI and Biodata in Policing and Criminal Justice: Lessons from the Use of DNA and the Polygraph in the UK and Australia, Lawal, T., Paul, A., Oswald, M. 3 Apr 2025, Biodata, Surveillance and Society
Bias, Oswald, M., Paul, A. 17 Mar 2025, De Gruyter Handbook of Digital Criminology, Berlin, Germany, De Gruyter
Police and the tort of negligence – will the use of AI risk ‘making matters worse’?, Fletcher, R., Lawal, T., Paul, A. 2 May 2025, The Society of Legal Scholars' Annual Conference 2025
PROBabLE Futures Submission in response to Call for Evidence on the Use of Evidence Generated by Software in Criminal Proceedings, Lawal, T., Paul, A., Kotsoglou, K., Oswald, M., McCartney, C. 14 Apr 2025
PROBabLE Futures Submission in response to the Call for Evidence on ‘Human Rights and the Regulation of AI’, Jorgensen, M., Paul, A., Oswald, M. 5 Sep 2025
Remote AI Weapons Detection – reversing stop and search to search and stop?, Lawal, T., Paul, A., Oswald, M. 4 Jun 2025, Business and Law Research Conference
The Increase in Statutory Duties on Public Officials to Protect Vulnerable People, Paul, A., Tomlison, J., Cook, E., Halliday, S., Martin, R., Meers, J., Weir, R. 29 Apr 2025
Are Statutory Duties to Protect the ‘Vulnerable’ a Good Idea?, Tomlinson, J., Paul, A., Meers, J. 16 Apr 2024
Evaluating (semi)-autonomous systems in policing and national security: A new framework based on the concept of ‘intelligence’: A new matrix framework of evaluation and grading, based on lessons from existing processes designed to define and assess ‘intelligence’, Oswald, M., Chambers, L., Paul, A. 11 Jul 2023, TAS '23, New York, US, ACM

Professional Activity

Please visit the Pure Research Information Portal for further information
Organising a conference, workshop, ...: Workshop for Doctoral Students 2025
Participating in a conference, workshop, ...: Girona Evidence Week 2025
Visiting an external academic institution: Monash University 2025
Other: Written expert statement on new technologies and the application of law to the House of Lords Justice and Home Affairs Committee. 2021
Other: Written expert statement on possible issues arising from emerging technological developments in policing to the Independent Advisory Group on Emerging Technologies in Policing to Scottish Government 2021